1. Physical Principals of Imaging :
Fundamentals of Physics and Radiation; Concepts of Radiation science; Radiographic definition and Mathematics review; Electromagnetic Radiation : Photons, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Wave Particle Duality; Interactions between Radiation and matters; Fundamentals of acoustic propagation; Interaction between sonic beams and matter; concepts of ultrasonic diagnostic.
2. Imaging with X-Rays :
X-ray tube: The generation : Electron-Target Interactions, X-ray emission spectrum : Characteristics x-ray spectrum, Bremsstrahlung x-ray spectrum, Factors affecting X-ray Emission Spectrum : Effect of mA, kVp, added filtration; X-ray unit: generators, filters and grids; Image intensifiers; X-ray detectors : Screen film detector, Image Intensifier, Radiographic techniques, quality and exposure.
3. X-ray Diagnostic Methods :
Fluoroscopy : Fluoroscopy and Visual Physiology, Image intensifier tube and Multifield intensification Angiography : Arterial access, Catheters, Contrast media; Mammography : Soft tissue radiography, Equipments : Target composition, Filtration grids, Photo timers, Image receptors; Xeroradiography; Digital radiography; 3-D construction of images.
4. Computed Tomography :
Operational modes : First generation scanners, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth generation scanners; System components : Gentry, Collimation; High Voltage generators; Image characteristics : Image matrix, CT numbers; Image reconstruction; Image Quality : Spatial resolution, Contrast resolution, System noise, Linearity, Spatial Uniformity.
5. Imaging with Ultrasonography :
Piezoelectric effect, Ultrasonic transducers : Mechanical and Electrical matching,; The characteristics of transducer beam: Huygens principle, Beam profiles, Pulsed ultrasonic filed, Visualization and mapping of the Ultrasonic field; Doppler effect-Doppler methods; Pulse echo systems [Amplitude mode, Brightness mode, Motion mode & Constant depth mode]; Tissue characterization: velocity, Attenuation or absorption, Scattering.
6. Developments in Ultrasound technique :
Color Doppler flow imaging : CW Doppler imaging device, Pulsed Doppler imaging system, clinical applications; Intracavity imaging : Design of the Phased array probe, Trans esophageal, Tannsvaginal or Transrectal scanning; Ultrasound contrast media: Utilization of micro air bubbles, galactose microparticles and albumin encapsulated microairbubbles; 3-D image reconstruction; 2-D echo cardiography.
7. Biological effects of Radiation and Ultrasound and its protection :
Modes of Biological effects : Composition of the body and Human response to Ionizing radiation; Physical and Biological factors affecting Radiosensitivity, Radiation Dose-response relationships; Time variance of radiation exposure; Thermal / Nonthermal effects due to cavitation in ultrasound fileds; Designing of radiation protections and its procedures.
8. Advances in Imaging :
Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Radio nuclide Imaging, Longitudinal section Tomography, Single Photon Emission Computed Topography, Positron Emission Topography.
Reference :
1. Principles of Medical Imaging., By : K.Kirk Shung,
Michael B. Smith, Benjamin Tsui. Pub : Academic Press
2. Radiologic science for Technologists. By : Stewart C.
Bushong. Pub: Mosby : A Harcourt Health Sciences Company.
3. Quality Management : In the Imaging Sciences. By : Jeffery
Papp. Pub : Mosby : A Harcourt Health Sciences Company.
1. Introduction to Physiological control systems, Illustration - example of a physiological control system. Difference between engineering and physiological control system.
2. Art of modeling Physiological systems, linear models of physiological systems - distributed parameters versus lumped parameter models. Principle of superposition.
3. Cardiovascular system modeling and simulation. Theoretical basis, model development, heart model, circulatory model, computational flow diagram of the cardiac system, software development.
4. Pulmonary mechanics modeling and simulation. Theoretical basis, model development, Lung tissue viscoelastance, chest well, airways-full model of respiratory mechanics Pulmonary system software development-computational flow diagram.
5. Interaction of Pulmonary and Cardiovascular models. Computational flow diagram for cardiopulmonary software development.
6. Eye movement system and Wetheimer's saccade eye model. Oculomotor muscle model. Linear muscle model.
7. Simple models of muscle stretch reflex action, ventilatory control action, Lung mechanics and their SIMULINK implementation.
8. Study of steady state analysis of muscle stretch reflex action, ventilatory control action by MATLAB tools.
9. Study of transient response analysis of neuromuscular reflex model action by MATLAB tools.
10. Study of frequency domain analysis of linearized model of lungs mechanics, circulatory control model and glucose insulin regulation model by MATLAB tools.
Reference :
1. Physiological control systems : Analysis, Simulation and
Estimation. By : Michael C.K.Khoo. Pub : Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Virtual Bioinstrumentation. Biomedical, Clinical and
Healthcare applications. By : Jon B. Olansen and Eric Rosow. Pub : Prentice Hall PTR. Upper Saddle River, Nj.
1. Measurement and Errors :
Measurement, Instrument and Instrumentation, Accuracy and Precision; Significant figures. Errors in measurement-gross errors, systematic errors, random errors. Probability of errors, Limiting errors.
2. Measurement of basic parameters :
FFT voltmeter, Rectifier Voltmeter. True rms voltmeter; digital voltmeter-quantizing error. Electronic component measuring instruments; Q meter, vector impedance meter, vector voltmeter; RF voltage measurement; RF power measurement, Bolometer.
3. Oscilloscopes :
CRT tube, deflection systems; multiple tracing; Probes: Measurement of frequency, angle, Time delay, Signal origin and modulation characteristics. Storage Oscilloscope, Sampling oscilloscope, Digital storage Oscilloscope, Spectrum analyzer.
4. Frequency counters; time interval, Period measurement.
5. Data Acquisition systems :
Elements of digital data acquisition systems, Interfacing transducers to control and measuring systems, Multiplexing - digital to analog and analog to digital multiplexing. Encoders. Computer aided instrumentation.
6. Fibre optic measurement :
Introduction of fibre optic physics, sources and detection, fibreoptic power measurement, Optical time domain reflectometer.
7. Display and Recording systems :
LED, LCD, Plasma and gas discharge displays; Dot-matrix and Bargraph displays; Electro luminescent, Incandescent, Elecrophoretic image and liquid vapour displays. Printers. Recorders : Strip chart recorders, galvanometer type recorder, potentiometric recoder, LVDT servomotor recorder, circular chart recorder, X-Y recorder, digital X-Y plotter, magnetic recorders.
8. Noise, Grounding and Isolation :
Effect of noise and interference on measurement systems, sources of noise coupling mechanism, methods to reduce noise and interference effects.
Reference :
1. Electronic Instrumentation. By : H.S.Kalsi, Pub: Tata
McGraw-Hill Pub. Co.Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and measurement
techniques. By : A.D. Heltrick and Williams B. Cooper, Pub : Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
3. Transducers and Instrumentation. By : D.V.S. Murty. Pub :
Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Measurement systems, Application and Designs. International
edition By : E.O. Doeblin. Pub: McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., New York.
1. Organization of a microcomputer : CPU, Memory, I/O and
buses. Microprocessor architecture : 8085 architecture, registers, ALU, control and timing;
address, data and control buses. 8085 - pin configurations, control signals and
clock.
Interfacing logic devices - Tristate,
Buffers, Decoder and encoders. Demultiplexing of 8085 bus system.
2. 8085 instruction formation and assembly language programming techniques : one byte, two byte, and three byte instructions; Examples of mnemonics and examples of mnemonic instructions, simple assembly language programming example
3. Memory interfacing :
Memory mapping, Address lines and word
size; Types of memory; Concept of I/O interfacing Memory mapped I/O.
4. Timing and Control : Clock cycle, machine cycle and instruction cycle; Instruction fetching and execution; timing diagrams for memory read / write, I/O read / write instructions.
5. I/O interfacing : I/O execution; Devices selection and data transfer; Use of decoders. Interfacing simple LED; 7 segment LED at LED at O/P; DIP switch at I/P.
6. 8085 instruction set : Addressing modes; Types of instructions; data transfer, arithmetic and logic operations; branch operations. Stack and subroutine. Interrupts.
7. Assembly language Programming techniques : Looping counting; indexing; counters and time delay programs.
8. Programmable peripheral devices : 8155, 8255 A, 8279,8253,8237,8251
9. Single chip micro controllers : Introduction to MCS 51 family; Brief overview of 8051-Architecture, instruction syntax, addressing modes, instruction sets. 8051 illustrative programming examples and Application.
Reference :
1. Microprocessor architecture, programming and operations.
By: Gaonkar R.S., Penram International Pub. (India) P.Ltd.
2. The 8051 Micro controller architecture : Programming and
Applications. By: Kenneth J.Ayala. Penram International Pub. (India) P.Ltd.
1. Introduction :
Basic elements of DSP, Comparison
between DSP and Analog Signal Processing applications of DSP.
2. Discrete Time Signals and Systems :
Classification of signals-continuous
and discrete time signals, periodic and a periodic signals, even and odd
signals, energy and power signals, operations on sequences
- shifting, folding, addition, multiplication, scaling, etc. classification of systems - linear vs. nonlinear, time
variant vs. time invariant, causal vs. noncausal, stable vs. unstable system,
impulse response, sampling process, aliasing,
antialiasing filter, reconsrtuction, correlatrion - autocorrelation, cross
correlation.
3. Transform domain techniques :
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), DFT
properties, Inverse DFT, DFT leakage, FFT algorithm, Z-transform, Region of convergence (ROC), Z-transform
properties.
4. Basics of Digital Filtering :
Digital filter, types of digital
filters, transfer function, Z-plane pole-zero plot.
5. FIR Filters :
Characteristics of FIR filters,
smoothing filters, Hanning filter, Notch filter, Window design technique,
frequency sampling method, derivative filters, removal of
noise, motion artifacts from ECG signal, removal of baseline drift in ECG using different FIR filters.
6. IIR Filters :
General equation of IIR filters,
integrators, Mapping between S-plane and Z-plane. Bilinear transformation
method, removal of high frequency noise and
periodic events using different IIR filters.
7. Integer filters :
basic design concept, low-pass and
high-pass filters, band pass and band reject filters, biomedical application.
8. Adaptive Filters :
basic concept, principal noise
cancellation model, removal of periodic events using adapting cancellation,
adaptive cancellation of maternal ECG from Fetal ECG
of interest.
9. Data reduction techques, Finite word length effects. Commercial DSP processors.
Reference :
1. BIOMEDICAL DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING, By : WILLS J.
TOMPKINS., Pub : Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Digital Signal Processing, By: oppenheim & schafer,
Pub: Prentice Hall
3. Digital signal processing. By: Sanjit K. Mitra, Pub: Tata
Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.